Inflation showed welcome signs of slowing in October, but it remained uncomfortably rapid even as a spate of economic data underscored that a return to normal price increases could take time.
Prices measured by the Personal Consumption Expenditures index, the measure the Federal Reserve watches most closely, climbed 6 percent over the year through October, the report showed, in line with what economists in a Bloomberg survey had expected. That was down from a 6.3 percent increase over the year through September.
A core price measure that strips out food and fuel costs, one that the Fed watches closely for a sign of what might come next with inflation, eased slightly to 5 percent. It has been hovering around that level throughout the year, so while the recent moderation is a step in the right direction, it is not conclusive.
Other economic data provided fresh evidence of continued economic momentum. Consumer spending was accelerating, incomes were rising and jobless claims stayed muted, reports on Thursday showed, suggesting that the economy remains resilient as workers benefit from plentiful jobs and use their savings to continue shopping. Sustained demand and a solid labor market could help to prevent an abrupt recession — but they could also help companies to continue raising prices, prolonging the journey back to normal inflation.
The Fed is closely watching how inflation evolves as it tries to determine how high to raise interest rates and how long to keep them elevated. Central bankers have raised borrowing costs to nearly 4 percent this year from near zero in March, including a rapid series of three-quarter-point moves. Jerome H. Powell, the Fed chair, signaled clearly on Wednesday that central bankers are poised to slow their rate increases in December. The question now is when, and at what level, they will stop raising borrowing costs.
Mr. Powell suggested that rates would probably need to climb slightly higher than the 4.6 percent peak that officials anticipated in September, when they last released economic forecasts. Investors now see rates peaking between 4.75 percent and 5 percent before coming down slightly late in 2023, based on market pricing.
“Ongoing increases will be appropriate,” Mr. Powell said this week. “We have a long way to go in restoring price stability.”
Inflation F.A.Q.
What is inflation? Inflation is a loss of purchasing power over time, meaning your dollar will not go as far tomorrow as it did today. It is typically expressed as the annual change in prices for everyday goods and services such as food, furniture, apparel, transportation and toys.
Thursday’s inflation data followed a more timely Consumer Price Index report, which showed price increases starting to moderate in October. The C.P.I. data are closely tracked because they come out more promptly and feed into the Personal Consumption Expenditures data. But the Fed uses the P.C.E. figures as its official inflation target.
Central bankers aim for 2 percent annual inflation on average and over time, so the current pace is still far faster than their goal. Given that so-called core inflation has been stuck around 5 percent all year, the Fed has been hesitant to make much of the recent cool-down in overall prices.
“Over 2022, core inflation rose a few tenths above 5 percent and fell a few tenths below, but it mainly moved sideways,” Mr. Powell said this week, explaining that demand will need to remain slower, goods inflation will need to continue easing and the labor market will need to come back into balance to return inflation to normal.
John Williams, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, said in an interview with Fox Business on Thursday that the Fed had “a ways to go” in raising interest rates, but that there were good signs that “inflation is turning.”
“We’re moving now, and into next year, with a lower inflationary trend,” Mr. Williams said.
Many economists think that inflation will meaningfully decelerate in 2023, because market-based rent prices are beginning to cool, supply chain problems have eased and consumers have been shifting their spending away from goods and toward services, which should help prices for physical products like couches and clothing to moderate.
Goldman Sachs economists said in their forecast in mid-November that inflation is likely to fall to about 3 percent by the end of 2023, after food and fuel prices are stripped out. But last year at this time, they said they expected core inflation to fall to 2.3 percent by the end of 2022.
“Forecasts have been predicting just such a decline for more than a year, while inflation has moved stubbornly sideways,” Mr. Powell said this week. He later added that “we’re going to have to be humble and skeptical about forecasts for some time.”
It is difficult to predict what will happen next with inflation in part because the economy, which had slowed meaningfully this year, seems to be resilient and possibly even re-accelerating in the face of higher prices and interest rates.
Consumption climbed 0.8 percent in October from the prior month, Thursday’s data showed, up from a previous gain of 0.6 percent. Adjusted for inflation, spending climbed 0.5 percent.
Understand Inflation and How It Affects You
More recent anecdotal data suggest that the holiday shopping season is off to a strong start: Retail sales over the Thanksgiving weekend were up 10.9 percent from the prior year, excluding cars and not adjusting for inflation, based on Mastercard data.
Americans are being buoyed in part by a strong labor market that is helping them to take home more money, and by one-time payments from states, some of which have stimulus money left to disburse or are benefiting from strong tax receipts.
Personal income rose 0.7 percent in October, and 0.4 percent after adjusting for inflation, Thursday’s data showed. That was the biggest inflation-adjusted increase since July.
Personal income includes government social benefits, which helped to boost it this time, “primarily reflecting one-time refundable tax credits issued by states,” the Bureau of Economic Analysis said in its release.
At the same time, people seem to be growing more price sensitive as their savings run down and expensive food and gas weigh on family budgets. Stores have begun to discount products again to lure and retain customers, which could help to reduce inflation, if it is drastic enough.
Consumers could become even more sensitive next year if the policy moves that the Fed has made in 2022 trickle through the economy and temper business expansions, hiring and pay gains, as many economists expect, and as households draw down the savings stockpiles they amassed during the pandemic.
“We expect spending growth to slow, on the back of a material increase in the pace of layoffs and a slowdown in hiring,” Ian Shepherdson at Pantheon Macroeconomics wrote in a research note. “We think people will be less willing to run down savings in the face of a deteriorating labor market.”
Fed officials are watching both spending data and the employment situation as they try to guess what might come next with inflation. Wage growth has been strong in recent months, and it could be hard for inflation to moderate the whole way back to normal without slower pay growth.
That is because services prices — those for haircuts, manicures, vacations and the like — are heavily driven by pay gains. When companies are spending more on labor, they are likely to try to pass those higher costs on to consumers in the form of higher prices.
America will get a fresh look at how both the job market and the wage situation are shaping up on Friday, when the Labor Department is set to release November employment data.
