There will be no opening statements. President Biden and former President Donald J. Trump will each have two minutes to answer questions — followed by one-minute rebuttals and responses to the rebuttals. Red lights visible to the candidates will flash when they have five seconds left, and turn solid red when time has expired. And each man’s microphone will be muted when it is not his turn to speak.
The candidates will get a breather during two commercial breaks, according to debate rules provided by CNN to the campaigns and reviewed by The New York Times, but they will be barred from huddling with advisers while off the air.
The first presidential debate of the 2024 cycle is less than two weeks away, and both campaigns are racing to prepare for the first showdown sponsored directly by a television network in more than a generation. The 90-minute contest in Atlanta on June 27 is circled as one of the most consequential moments on this year’s campaign calendar, as Mr. Biden and Mr. Trump will outline their sharply contrasting visions for the nation, appearing together for the first time since their last debate, in October 2020.
The two men are readying themselves for the debate in ways almost as different as their approaches to the presidency itself. The Biden operation is blocking off much of the final week before the debate, after he returns from Europe and a California fund-raising swing, for structured preparations. Mr. Trump has long preferred looser conversations, batting around themes, ideas and one-liners more informally among advisers. He held one session at the Republican National Committee headquarters this past week.
Mr. Trump and Mr. Biden plainly do not like each other. The former president calls the current president the worst in American history. The current president calls his predecessor a wannabe dictator who threatens democracy itself. Four years ago, in their first encounter, Mr. Trump trampled over his rival’s talking time — the former president has since admitted privately that he was too aggressive — with Mr. Biden scolding him, “Will you shut up, man?”
The rules circulated by CNN warn that this time, “moderators will use all tools at their disposal to enforce timing and ensure a civilized discussion.”
And then there is this: “Microphones will be muted throughout the debate except for the candidate designated to speak.” It is not clear how muted microphones will work in practice — whether the types of memorable moments (Al Gore’s sighs or Barack Obama’s “you’re likable enough” aside to Hillary Clinton) that have defined past debates will be lost entirely.
The candidates will appear without a live audience and at lecterns determined by a coin flip.
The unusually deep personal animosity between the two men is both an X factor for the debate and a key consideration for their strategies. The Trump campaign thinks a winning approach is exposing Biden being Biden; the Biden campaign sees a winning debate as letting Trump be Trump.
Both men will be rusty. Neither has debated since their last clash in 2020, the longest drought since general-election debates became a regular part of American campaigns in 1976.
For Mr. Biden, the preparation process will be overseen by Ron Klain, his first White House chief of staff, who filled the same role for his 2020 debates and his 2012 vice-presidential debate. Mr. Klain compiles what topics are likely to come up and what prospective answers could be, according to people who have been involved in past planning sessions.
Bruce Reed, the White House deputy chief of staff, has in recent weeks been collecting materials on the two candidates’ policy contrasts for Mr. Biden to study. If past is prologue, Mr. Biden will use the early meetings to hash out how he wants to answer various questions. In later sessions, he is expected to rehearse with a stand-in opponent.
In 2020, Bob Bauer, a Democratic lawyer who has served as Mr. Biden’s personal lawyer and is married to Anita Dunn, a top White House adviser, played the role of Mr. Trump; it is unclear if he will do so again in 2024.
“The goal is no surprises,” said Kate Bedingfield, a former White House communications director who was involved in Mr. Biden’s 2020 debate preparations. “In some ways, you have to be prepared for the unimaginable. So the aim of the process is to acclimate President Biden to the idea that some really awful things may come out of Donald Trump’s mouth.”
One major question is whether Mr. Trump brings up Hunter Biden, the president’s son, whom Mr. Trump went after in 2020 and who was just convicted on felony gun charges. Another is how Mr. Biden addresses the fact that Mr. Trump himself is now a felon, convicted in New York of falsifying business records to cover up a sex scandal that threatened his 2016 campaign.
Mr. Klain has long worked to prepare Mr. Biden for attacks on his family. In 2012, when Mr. Klain ran Mr. Biden’s vice-presidential debate preparations, Chris Van Hollen, at the time a Maryland congressman who was playing the role of Paul Ryan, was asked to make a series of personal digs.
“You have to prepare for someone who is going to hit below the belt,” said Mr. Van Hollen, now a U.S. senator. “In that earlier debate with Paul Ryan, it was a low probability. In this case, it is 100 percent that Donald Trump will hit below the belt.”
For his part, Mr. Trump has never consented to anything resembling traditional, rigorous debate preparation, and this election appears no exception. He has often said that he is at his best when improvising.
“He views his rallies as debate prep,” said Marc Lotter, who was an aide on Mr. Trump’s 2020 campaign and now works for a conservative nonprofit group. The challenge for Mr. Trump, Mr. Lotter said, will be to tighten answers to a time limit. “If they’re literally going to cut your mic, you’ve got to hit your marks,” he said.
Often, campaigns spend the run-up to debates puffing up their opponents and their debating skills. But Mr. Trump’s relentless accusations that Mr. Biden is mentally diminished have only dampened expectations for the president.
Mr. Trump’s close inner circle has so far engaged in fairly limited debate preparation, including the recent meeting at the Republican National Committee headquarters, which included Senator Marco Rubio of Florida and Senator Eric Schmitt of Missouri.
Jason Miller, a senior Trump adviser who has taken a leading role in organizing the discussions, said that Mr. Trump’s speeches demonstrated “elite stamina” and that the former president “does not need to be programmed by staff.”
Mr. Trump’s aides are not expected to hold formal role-playing sessions that replicate the debate and include somebody acting as Mr. Biden.
“We have conversations,” Chris LaCivita, one of Mr. Trump’s campaign managers, explained to reporters this month in Las Vegas. Asked who might stand in for the role of the president, he replied, “Joe Biden is going to play Joe Biden.”
Mr. Trump has argued that he is taking on not just Mr. Biden but also a television network in CNN that he says is hostile to him. “CNN is the enemy,” he said on a podcast this past week, mocking one of the two moderators, Jake Tapper, as “Fake Tapper.” (Mr. Tapper will be joined by Dana Bash.) Still, he predicted the network would be “as fair as they can be.”
The Biden team has made clear what topics it would like the moderators to focus on. In a “road to Atlanta” memo last month, Jennifer O’Malley Dillon, the president’s campaign chair, wrote that he wanted to talk about abortion, democracy and some of the specifics of Mr. Trump’s economic plans, including tax cuts for wealthier Americans.
Mr. Trump’s team believes he will have one key advantage that he did not have four years ago: an unpopular Biden record to attack. Mr. Trump wants to focus on inflation, the fact that major conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza began during Mr. Biden’s tenure and record border crossings that the former president blames for domestic crime.
The 90 minutes of debate time will begin, according to the rules circulated by CNN, once the first question is answered. Up to five minutes are designated per question: two minutes for the opening answer, a one-minute rebuttal, a one-minute response to the rebuttal and an extra minute to be used at the discretion of the moderators. Each candidate will also be allowed a two-minute closing statement.
Mr. Biden’s team believes it has already won a major victory by persuading the Trump campaign to agree to move the first debate to late June from September. The Biden campaign believes that once voters fully grapple with the prospect of a return to power by Mr. Trump, Mr. Biden’s lagging poll numbers will improve.
Presidential debates remain singular moments in American campaigns. In 2020, more than 73 million viewers tuned in to the first debate. But increasingly, debates are not just about the live viewership but about the clips packaged afterward, as well as the punditry and expectations in the days beforehand. The Biden campaign asked Gov. Gavin Newsom of California to serve as one of its surrogates in the so-called spin room after the debate in Atlanta.
Plenty of Democrats are nervous about how Mr. Biden will perform. But the president is not said to be one of them.
“I can assure you, Joe Biden is not scared of Donald Trump,” Mr. Klain said in an appearance on MSNBC this year.
One fear among Mr. Biden’s team and supporters is that he spends too much time talking about his record and not enough time attacking Mr. Trump.
“The challenge for all incumbents in the debates is to not spend the whole time talking about their record,” said Jim Messina, the campaign manager for Mr. Obama’s 2012 campaign.
Michael Gold, Jonathan Swan and Maggie Haberman contributed reporting.
